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Gear Materials

The materials used for the manufacture of gears depends upon the strength and service conditions like wear, noise etc. The gears may be manufactured from metallic or non-metallic materials. The metallic gears with cut teeth are commercially obtainable in cast iron, steel and bronze. The non-metallic materials like wood, rawhide, compressed paper and synthetic resins like nylon are used for gears, especially for reducing noise.

The cast iron is widely used for the manufacture of gears due to its good wearing properties, excellent machinability and ease of producing complicated shapes by casting method. The cast iron gears with cut teeth may be employed, where smooth action is not important.

The steel is used for high strength gears and steel may be plain carbon steel or alloy steel. The steel gears are usually heat treated in order to combine properly the toughness and tooth hardness.

The phosphor bronze is widely used for worms gears in order to reduce wear of the worms which will be excessive with cast iron or steel.

The following table shows the properties of commonly used gear materials.

Materials	Condition	Brinell Hardness Number	Minimum Tensile Strength (kglcm²)
Malleable cast iron a) White heart castings, Grade B b) Black heart castings, Grade B	--- ---	217 max. 149 max.	2800 3200
Cast Iron a) Grade 20 b) Grade 25 c) Grade 35 d) Grade 35 *Cast steel*	As cast As cast As cast Heat treated ---	179 min. 197 min. 207 min. 300 min. 145	2,002 2,500 2,500 3,500 5,500
*Carbon steel* a) 0.3% carbon b) 0.3% carbon c) 0.4% carbon d) 0.4% carbon e) 0.55% carbon f) 0.55% carbon	Normalised Hardened and tempered Normalised Hardened and tempered Normalised Hardened and tempered	143 152 152 179 201 223	5,000 6,000 5,800 6,000 7,200 7,000
*Carbon chromium steel* a) 0.4% carbon b) 0.55% carbon	Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered	229 225	8,000 9,000
*Carbon manganese steel* a) 0.27% carbon b) 0.37% carbon	Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered	170 201	6,000 7,000
*Manganese molybdenum steel* a) 35 M_n 2 M_o 28 b) 35 M_n 2 M_o 45	Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered	201 229	7,000 8,000
*Chromium molybdenum steel* a) 40 C_r 1 M_o 28 b) 40 C_r 1 M_o 60 Nickel steel 40 N_i 3 Nickel chromium steel 30 N_i 4 C_r 1 Nickel chromium molybdenum steel 40 N_i 2 C_r 1 M₀28	Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered	201 248 229 444 225	7,000 9,000 8,000 15,400 9,000
*Surface hardened steel* a) 0.4% carbon steel b) 0.55% carbon steel c) 0.55% carbon chromium steel d) 1% chromium steel e) 3% nickel steel	--- --- --- --- ---	145 (core) 460 (case) 200(core) 520(case) 250 (core) 500(case) 500 (case) 200 (core) 300 (case)	5,512 7,086 8,661 7,086 7,086
*Case hardened steel* a) 0.12 to 0.22% carbon b) 3% nickel steel c) 5% nickel steel	--- --- ---	650 (case) 200 (core) 600 (case) 250 (core) 600 (case)	5,039 7,086 8,661
Phosphor bronze castings	Sand cast Chill cast Centrifugal cast	60 min. 70 min. 90	1,600 2,400 2,600

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